CC(1V)
NAME
cc - C compiler
SYNOPSIS
cc
[
-a
]
[
-align
_
block
]
[
-B
binding
]
[
-c
]
[
-C
]
[
-dalign
]
[
-dryrun
]
[
-D
name
[
=def
] ]
[
-E
]
[
float_option
]
[
-fsingle
]
[
-g
]
[
-go
]
[
-help
]
[
-I
pathname
]
[
-J
]
[
-L
directory
]
[
-M
]
[
-misalign
]
[
-o
outputfile
]
[
-O
[
level
]
]
[
-p
]
[
-P
]
[
-pg
]
[
-pic
]
[
-PIC
]
[
-pipe
]
[
-Qoption
prog opt
]
[
-Qpath
pathname
]
[
-Qproduce
sourcetype
]
[
-R
]
[
-S
]
[
-sb
]
[
-target
target_arch
]
[
-temp=
directory
]
[
-time
]
[
-U
name
]
[
-w
]
sourcefile
...
[
-l
library
]
SYSTEM V SYNOPSIS
/usr/5bin/cc
arguments
/usr/xpg2bin/cc
arguments
Note:
arguments
to
/usr/5bin/cc
and
/usr/xpg2bin/cc
are identical to those listed above.
AVAILABILITY
The System V version of this command is available with the
System V
software installation option. Refer to
for information on how to install optional software.
DESCRIPTION
cc
is the C compiler.
It translates programs written in the C
programming language into executable load modules, or into relocatable
binary programs for subsequent loading with the
ld
(1)
link editor.
In addition to the many options,
cc
accepts several types of filename arguments. For instance, files with
names ending in
.c
are taken to be C source programs.
They are compiled, and each
resulting object program is placed in the current directory. The
object file is named after its source file - the suffix
.o
replacing
.c
in the name of the object.
In the same way, files whose names end with
.s
are taken to be assembly source programs.
They are assembled, and produce
.o
files.
Filenames ending in
.il
are taken to be inline expansion code template files; these are
used to expand calls to selected routines in-line when code
optimization is enabled.
See
FILES,
below for a complete list of compiler-related filename suffixes.
Other arguments refer to assembler or loader options,
object programs, or object libraries. Unless
-c
,
-S
,
-E
-P
or
-Qproduce
is specified, these programs and libraries, together with the results of any
specified compilations or assemblies, are loaded
(in the order given) to produce an output file named
a.out
.
You can specify a name for the executable by using the
-o
option.
If a single
file is compiled and loaded all at once, the intermediate
file is deleted.
/usr/xpg2bin/cc
is a shell script that should be used to compile
X/Open compliant applications.
/usr/5bin/cc
and
/usr/xpg2bin/cc
accept the same arguments and options as
cc
.
/usr/xpg2bin/cc
searches
/usr/xpg2include
for
#include
files before
/usr/include
,
and specifies
/usr/xpg2lib/libxpg.a
as an additional static library of object-library routines.
OPTIONS
When debugging or profiling
objects are compiled using the
-g
or
-pg
options, respectively, the
ld
command for linking them should also contain the appropriate option.
See
ld
(1)
for link-time options.
-a
Insert code to count how many times each basic block is executed.
Invokes a run-time recording mechanism that creates a
.d
file for every
.c
file (at normal termination).
The
.d
file accumulates execution data for the corresponding source file. The
tcov
(1)
utility can then be run on the source file to generate statistics about
the program. Since this option entails some optimization, it is
incompatible with
-g
.
-align
_
block
Force the global uninitialized data symbol
block
to be page-aligned by
increasing its size to a whole number of pages, and placing its first
byte at the beginning of a page.
-B
binding
Specify whether bindings of libraries for linking are
static
or
dynamic
,
indicating whether libraries are non-shared or shared, respectively.
-c
Suppress linking with
ld
(1)
and produce a
.o
file for each source file.
A single object file can be named explicitly using the
-o
option.
-C
Prevent the C preprocessor,
cpp
(1),
from removing comments.
-dalign
(Sun-4 systems only.)
Generate double load/store instructions whenever possible for
improved performance. Assumes that all double typed data are double
aligned, and should not be used when correct alignment is not
assured.
-dryrun
Show but do not execute the commands constructed
by the compilation driver.
-D
name[
=
def]
Define a symbol
name
to the C preprocessor
(
cpp
(1)).
Equivalent to a
#define
directive in the source. If no
def
is given,
name
is defined as
`
1
'.
-E
Run the source file through
cpp
(1),
the C preprocessor, only.
Sends the output to the standard output, or to
a file named with the
-o
option. Includes the
cpp
line numbering information. (See also, the
-P
option.)
float_option
Floating-point code generation option. Can be one of:
-
-f68881
Generate in-line code for Motorola
MC68881
floating-point processor
(supported only on Sun-3 systems).
-
-ffpa
Generate in-line code for Sun Floating Point Accelerator
(supported only on Sun-3 systems).
-
-fsky
Generate in-line code for Sky floating-point processor
(supported only on Sun-2 systems).
-
-fsoft
Generate software floating-point calls. Supported
only on Sun-2 and Sun-3 systems, for which it is the
default.
-
-fstore
Insure that expressions allocated to extended precision registers
are rounded to storage precision whenever an assignment occurs
in the source code.
Only has effect when
-f68881
is specified
(Sun-3 systems only).
-
-fswitch
Run-time-switched floating-point calls.
The compiled object code is linked at runtime
to routines that support one of the above types of floating
point code. This was the default in previous releases.
Only for use with programs that are floating-point intensive,
and must be portable to machines with various floating-point
hardware options (supported only on Sun-2 and Sun-3 systems).
-fsingle
(Sun-2, Sun-3 and Sun-4 systems)
Use single-precision arithmetic in computations involving only
float
expressions. Do not convert everything to
double
,
which is the default. Note: floating-point
parameters
are still converted to double precision, and
functions
returning values still return double-precision values.
Although not standard C,
certain programs run much faster using this option.
Be aware that some significance can be lost due
to lower-precision intermediate values.
-g
Produce additional symbol table information for
dbx
(1)
and
dbxtool
(1)
and pass
-lg
option to
ld
(1)
(so as to include the
g
library, that is:
/usr/lib/libg.a
).
When this option is given, the
-O
and
-R
options are suppressed.
-go
Produce additional symbol table information for
adb
(1).
When this option is given, the
-O
and
-R
options are suppressed.
-help
Display helpful information about
cc
.
-I
pathname
Add
pathname
to the list of directories in which to search for
#include
files with relative filenames (not beginning with slash
`
/
').
The preprocessor first searches for
#include
files in the directory containing
sourcefile
,
then in directories named with
-I
options (if any), and finally, in
/usr/include
.
-J
Generate 32-bit offsets in
switch
statement labels (supported only on Sun-2 and Sun-3 systems).
-l
library
Link with object library
library
(for
ld
(1)).
This option must follow
the
sourcefile
arguments.
-L
directory
Add
directory
to the list of directories containing object-library routines (for linking
using
ld
(1).
-M
Run only the macro preprocessor
on the named C programs,
requesting that it generate makefile dependencies
and send the result to the standard output (see
make
(1)
for details about makefiles and dependencies).
-misalign
Generate code to allow loading and storage of misaligned data
(Sun-4 systems only).
-o
outputfile
Name the output file
outputfile
.
outputfile
must have the appropriate suffix for the type of file to be produced
by the compilation (see
FILES,
below).
outputfile
cannot be the same as
sourcefile
(the compiler will not overwrite the source file).
-O[
level]
Optimize the object code. Ignored when either
-g
,
-go
,
or
-a
is used.
-O
with the
level
omitted is equivalent to
-O2
.
On Sun386i systems, any level supplied is treated as level
1
.
level
is one of:
-
1
Do postpass assembly-level optimization only.
-
2
Do global optimization prior to code generation,
including loop optimizations, common subexpression
elimination, copy propagation, and automatic register allocation.
-O2
does not optimize references to or definitions of external or
indirect variables.
-
3
Same as
-O2
,
but optimize uses and definitions of external variables.
-O3
does not trace the effects of pointer assignments.
Neither
-O3
nor
-O4
should be used when compiling either device drivers, or programs that
modify external variables from within signal handlers.
-
4
Same as
-O3
,
but trace the effects of pointer assignments.
.
-p
Prepare the object code to collect data for profiling with
prof
(1).
Invokes a run-time recording mechanism that produces a
mon.out
file (at normal termination).
-P
Run the source file through
cpp
(1),
the C preprocessor, only. Puts the output in a file with a
.i
suffix. Does not include
cpp
-type
line number information in the output.
-pg
Prepare the object code to collect data for profiling with
gprof
(1).
Invokes a run-time recording mechanism that produces a
gmon.out
file (at normal termination).
-pic
Produce position-independent code. Each reference to a global datum is
generated as a dereference of a pointer in the global offset table.
Each function call is generated in pc-relative addressing mode through
a procedure linkage table. The size of the global offset table is
limited to 64K on MC68000-family processors, or to 8K on
SPARC
processors.
-PIC
Like
-pic
,
but allows the global offset table to span the range of 32-bit
addresses in those rare cases where there are too many global data
objects for
-pic
.
-pipe
Use pipes, rather than intermediate files, between
cpp
(1)
and
ccom
compilation stages. Very cpu-intensive.
-Qoption
prog opt
Pass the option
opt
to the program
prog
.
The option must be appropriate to that program and may begin with a
minus sign.
prog
can be one of:
as
,
cpp
,
inline
,
or
ld
.
-Qpath
pathname
Insert directory
pathname
into the compilation search path.
pathname will be searched for alternate versions of the
compilation programs, such as
cpp
(1),
and
ld
(1).
This path will also be searched first for certain relocatable
object files that are implicitly referenced by the
compiler driver, for example
*crt*.o
and
bb_link.o
.
-Qproduce
sourcetype
Produce source code of the type
sourcetype
.
sourcetype
can be one of:
-
.c
C source (from
bb_count
).
-
.i
Preprocessed C source from
cpp
(1).
-
.o
Object file from
as
(1).
-
.s
Assembler source (from
inline
,
or
c2
).
-R
Merge data segment with text segment for
as
(1).
Data initialized in the object file produced by this compilation is
read-only, and (unless linked with
ld -N
)
is shared between processes. Ignored when either
-g
or
-go
is used.
-S
Do not assemble the program but produce an assembly source file.
-sb
Generate extra symbol table information for the Sun Source Code Browser.
This is an unbundled product that will be released based on 4.1.
-target
target_arch
Compile object files for the specified processor architecture.
Unless used in conjunction with one of the Sun Cross-Compilers, correct
programs can be generated only for the architecture of the host on
which the compilation is performed.
target_arch
can be one of:
-
sun2
Produce object files for a Sun-2 system.
-
sun3
Produce object files for a Sun-3 system.
-
sun4
Produce object files for a Sun-4 system.
-temp=
directory
Set directory for temporary files to be
directory
.
-time
Report execution times for the various compilation passes.
-U
name
Remove any initial definition of the
cpp
(1)
symbol
name
.
Inverse of the
-D
option.
-w
Do not print warnings.
ENVIRONMENT
FLOAT_OPTION
(Sun-2, Sun-3, Sun-4 systems only.)
When no floating-point option is specified, the compiler uses the value
of this environment variable (if set). Recognized values are:
f68881
,
ffpa
,
fsky
,
fswitch
and
fsoft
.
FILES
a.out
executable output file
file
.a
library of object files
file
.c
C source file
file
.d
tcov
(1)
test coverage input file (Sun-2, Sun-3, Sun-4 systems only)
file
.i
C source file after preprocessing with
cpp
(1)
file
.il
inline
expansion file
file
.o
object file
file
.s
assembler source file
file
.S
assembler source for
cpp
(1)
file
.tcov
output from
tcov
(1)
(Sun-2, Sun-3, Sun-4 systems only)
/usr/lib/c2
object code optimizer
/usr/lib/ccom
compiler
/usr/lib/compile
compiler command-line processing driver
/usr/lib/cpp
macro preprocessor
/usr/lib/crt0.o
runtime startup code
/usr/lib/Fcrt1.o
startup code for
-fsoft
option
(Sun-2, Sun-3, Sun-4 systems only)
/usr/lib/gcrt0.o
startup for profiling with
gprof
(1)
/usr/lib/libc.a
standard library, see
intro
(3)
/usr/lib/mcrt0.o
startup for profiling with
prof
(1)
intro
(3)
/usr/lib/Mcrt1.o
startup code for
-f68881
option (for Sun-3 systems)
/lib/optim
Sun386i code optimizer
/lib/Scrt1.o
startup code for
-fsky
option (for Sun-2 systems)
/usr/lib/Wcrt1.o
startup code for
-ffpa
option (for Sun-3 systems)
/usr/include
standard directory for
#include
files
/usr/lib/bb_link.o
basic block counting routine
/usr/lib/cg
code generator used with
/usr/lib/iropt
/usr/lib/libc_p.a
profiling library, see
gprof
(1)
or
prof
(1)
/usr/lib/inline
inline expander of library calls
/usr/lib/iropt
intermediate representation optimizer
/usr/lib/libm.a
math library
/usr/5lib/libc.a
System V standard compatibility library, see
intro
(3)
/usr/5lib/libc_p.a
System V profiling library, see
gprof
(1)
or
prof
(1)
/tmp/*
compiler temporary files
/usr/xpg2include
directory for
X/Open
#include
files
/usr/xpg2lib/libxpg.a
X/Open
XPG2
compatibility library
/usr/xpg2lib/libxpg_p.a
Profiled version of
X/Open
XPG2
compatibility library
mon.out
file produced for analysis by
prof
(1)
gmon.out
file produced for analysis by
gprof
(1)
.cb
subdirectory that holds the information generated by the
-cb
option
SEE ALSO
adb
(1),
ar
(1V),
as
(1),
cflow
(1V),
cpp
(1),
ctags
(1),
cxref
(1V),
dbx
(1),
dbxtool
(1),
gprof
(1),
inline
(1),
ld
(1),
lint
(1V),
m4
(1V),
make
(1),
prof
(1),
tcov
(1),
intro
(3),
monitor
(3)
B. W. Kernighan and D. M. Ritchie,
The C Programming Language
,
Prentice-Hall, 1978
DIAGNOSTICS
The diagnostics produced by the C compiler
are intended to be self-explanatory.
Occasional obscure messages may be produced by
the preprocessor, assembler, or loader.
NOTES
While the compiler allows 8-bit strings and comments,
8-bits are not allowed anywhere else.
The
cc
command does not generate or support 8-bit symbol names
because, until
ANSI C,
non-ASCII
support was not expected.
The
ANSI C
specification now suggests that string literals
and comments can contain any characters from any
character code set.
The following commands are affected by this
lack of support for 8-bit characters:
cflow
(1V),
cpp
(1),
ctags
(1),
cxref
(1V),
dbx
(1),
lint
(1V),
m4
(1V),
and
yacc
(1).
BUGS
The program context given in syntax error messages
is taken from the input text
after
the C preprocessor has performed substitutions.
Therefore, error messages
involving syntax errors in or near macro references or manifest
constants may be misleading.
Compiling with optimization level
2
or greater may produce
incorrect object code if tail-recursion
elimination is applied to functions called with fewer actual
parameters (arguments) than the number of formal parameters in
the function's definition.
Such parameter-count mismatches can be detected using
lint
(1V).